Development of Zakat Distribution in the Disturbance Era

: With the growing number of publications on digital zakat, there is a pressing need for research on zakat management to develop general concepts that can serve as policy standards for zakat management practitioners and national zakat regulators. This research aims to provide insights into managing zakat in an easy, flexible, transparent, and targeted manner. The study employs field research methods, observing real events in society, and uses empirical legal research techniques with an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating sociological and ethnographic studies. The findings indicate that proper zakat distribution requires a deep understanding of its fiqh, grounded in shari'a texts and explored through both a linguistic approach ( al-qowâid al-lughawiyyah ) and an objective shari'a approach ( maqâshid asy-syarî'ah ). Furthermore, collecting zakat funds by national amil zakat agencies and institutions in Indonesia must adapt to contemporary times and technology, providing an alternative that facilitates muzakkī's in fulfilling their obligations.


Introduction
Disruption marked by digitalisation in the global economy is a rapidly growing phenomenon.
The integration of information technology across various sectors of community activity is seen as a significant driver of economic growth.Furthermore, the prevalence of a digital lifestyle within a society is closely linked to poverty levels.To keep up with the rapid advancements in the digital world, a swift adaptation process is essential in every sector of community activity.
The high number of internet users reflects the benefits offered to society.In this regard, the Internet has provided challenges and opportunities for many companies and individuals.Without exception for the individual community in general, the advantages obtained from using digital platforms and the Internet are in the form of ease, quality of interaction, and reliability.This strength is the key to the main attraction for the use of technology in every activity carried out by the community.
Simplicity and efficiency are key to attracting consumers and the public to utilise digital platforms, particularly in transactions.It is not surprising that technology-driven and digital transaction methods have garnered significant interest from business professionals and managers of nonprofit activities such as zakat payments.
Zakat is one of the instruments related to transactions.In principle, zakat is maliyah ijtima'iyyah worship or worship related to wealth and social life.With these characteristics, zakat is one of the financial instruments in Islamic economics closely related to financial transactions and activities related to assets.In paying zakat, muzaqis also demand convenience and speed in transactions.Thus, zakat managers must collaborate with digital platforms to offer a seamless experience for the community and raise awareness of zakat payments. 11 Labuh Inderayana Eka Sakti and A'rasy Fahrullah Fahrullah, "Pengelolaan ZIS Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat (Studi   In general, zakat management is carried out in several stages, starting from an outreach program to the community, collection, distribution, to reporting.These stages require an infrastructure that provides convenience for related parties, especially the three interrelated elements in the management of zakat, namely muzakki, mustahiq, and amil.That way, zakat management that is carried out optimally in the digital era will present modern, transparent, effective and efficient zakat management 2 .
Post-pandemic, mustahiq still face significant challenges in engaging in productive work and business, 3 making the distribution of zakat a crucial program for enhancing community welfare 4 .Research indicates that effective zakat collection and distribution strategies require collaboration with various institutions, including the government 4 .Consequently, there is a need to explore advancements in zakat distribution that align with the era of disruption.This research aims to investigate these developments 5 .
The use of the virtual age in the Along with the increasing number of publications in the field of digital zakat, it is necessary to explore various studies and research related to digital-based zakat management.This exploration aims to identify common themes among existing research, ultimately providing a unified concept that can serve as a policy standard for zakat management practitioners and national regulators.
Interpreting zakat management through the use of various digital platforms ensures that these activities are conducted with ease, flexibility, transparency, and precision.Digitising zakat management is also expected to enhance public awareness and participation in zakat payments.Consequently, people can conveniently fulfil their zakat obligations through digital means without the need to visit amil zakat offices in person 6 .

Literature Review
The pervasive use of technology in all aspects of life underscores humanity's increasing reliance on digital solutions.This shift towards digitisation has also impacted zakat management, particularly in the collection process.With advancements in digitalisation, individuals are fully embracing virtual innovations to streamline zakat collection and distribution.Zakat funds play a crucial role in empowering mustahiq, especially in terms of financial stability.7However, the integration of digital finance in zakat must adhere to Islamic principles and regulations. 8everal impacts from previous investigations related to this reliance have been identified by researchers, serving as additional references and material for comparison to avoid repetition in studies.Many of these investigations have been conducted under the guidance of Wasilatur Rohmaniyah, who emphasised the urgency of digitising zakat.She aims to enhance the digitalisation of zakat by establishing a digital zakat environment in Indonesia.This involves implementing electronic transformations in zakat management, representing a significant advancement in the collection and distribution of zakat.This approach is aimed at fostering the development of zakat-based organisations, thereby increasing their efficiency and effectiveness 9 .
Nur Jamaluddin and Siti Aminah concentrated on the viability of digitizing the zakat cost range series with an emphasis on BAZNAS in Tangerang town to peer the execution of an administration realities framework in regards to zakat and its administration. 10 conducted a study on optimizing digital zakat collection during a pandemic using James Stoner's management theory through descriptive qualitative methods and collecting data using literature reviews, revealing that James Stoner's management model, namely the process of planning, organising, implementing or direction, and reporting or supervision could be applied to every aspect of zakat management, which consists of elements of the collection, management, distribution, and reporting 11 .
Likewise, by reinforcing and overseeing zakat, the board utilises organised vital stages using Fintech in zakat.The executives are planning to support the improvement of zakat control.This strategy incorporates standard guideline consistency, Sharia guideline consistency, responsibility, and assurance structures 12 .
Despite the use of digital tools for managing, collecting, and distributing zakat, the primary method for obtaining zakat information remains word of mouth.The findings of this research could be valuable for zakat institutions to evaluate their effectiveness in meeting the needs of zakat beneficiaries within the community 13 .
Therefore, to achieve the potential of zakat, careful preparation and planning is required, which can be controlled and evaluated at each level of achievement.Thus, for zakat to be achieved, the management of zakat must be appropriately managed based on the principles of good governance and by the provisions of Islamic teachings.

Methods
To examine the distribution of zakat in the era of disruption, this article is field research seeking to observe real events in society14 and aims to describe the condition or status of a phenomenon.This study uses empirical legal research methods.The data collection was conducted based on participatory observation involving key subjects from the research object15 .The data were obtained from secondary data and primary data that are directly related to the object of research and are supported by legal materials consisting of documents, texts and stories related to the distribution of zakat 16 .
This study also employed an interdisciplinary approach, including sociological and ethnographic studies, considering that legal symptoms can be seen in human behaviour.17

Fiqh Discourse on Zakat Distribution
The circulation of zakat (mashârif alzakât) is the dispersion of zakat to the individuals who are qualified to gain it (almustahaqûn lahā).Inside the fair distribution of zakat, information on fiqh is required, which depends on the suggestions and texts of the Sharia that are inspected using a phonetic methodology (al-qowâid allughawiyyah) notwithstanding a strategy to the longings of the Sharia (maqâshid ashsyarî'ah) 18 .Appropriation is the conveyance of items to numerous people or a few areas.Thus, the dissemination of zakat is the conveyance of zakat to individuals who are qualified to get (mustahīk zakat) each destructively and gainfully 19 .Distribution of zakat is an activity that facilitates and expedites the distribution of zakat funds from muzakki to mustahiq.The funds collected will be channel from muzakki to mustahiq through institutions that manage zakat.With distribution, collected zakat funds can distributed on target and in accordance with the needs of muzakki.In addition, with proper distribution, the existing wealth can be abundant and evenly distributed and does not only circulate to certain groups.
A primary strategy in zakat distribution is to prioritise local recipients, or mustahiq, by focusing on those in close proximity to the zakat institution before expanding to other areas.This approach, known as centralism, offers several benefits.It simplifies the distribution process across provinces, ensuring that zakat is effectively allocated from the central hub to various regions.In many Islamic countries, this centralised system ensures that the distribution begins at the core and then extends outward to reach broader areas.
Distributing zakat outside the collection area while many local mustahiq remain in need contradicts the fundamental purpose of zakat.According to Al-Mugni's texts, the primary goal of zakat is to address the needs of the poor.Therefore, zakat distribution should prioritise aiding the impoverished within the collection area to fulfil its intended purpose 20 .
Allah SWT has designated the recipients of zakat in Surah At-Taubah, verse 60, indicating that zakat is meant for specific groups, each of which has equal rights to receive it.Consequently, zakat managers must ensure that zakat is distributed only to the designated mustahiq and not to others.The general principle here is to achieve equitable justice among all groups of mustahiq.As Imam Shafi'i stated, the aim of this justice is to protect the interests of each In (QS.At-taubah [9]: 60) which explains that: "Indeed, zakat is only for poor people, needy people, administrators of zakat, converts whose hearts are persuaded, to (free) slaves, people who are in debt, for the way of Allah and for people who are in their way.way, as a decree made obligatory by Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise." In his interpretation, Quraish Shihab explains that zakat is obligated to be given to those who lack sufficient means to meet their needs, such as the sick who cannot work and have no assets.It also includes those responsible for collecting and distributing zakat, as they are expected to support and defend the religion of Allah, including those who preach Islam.Additionally, zakat is designated for freeing slaves and captives, paying off the debts of those unable to repay-provided the debt is not incurred through sinful actions, oppression, or foolishness21 .
Zakat is also used to provide provisions for the mujahideen who fight in the way of Allah and various ways of goodness and obedience related to jihād.Helping travellers who are disconnected from the possibility of continuing their journey and alienated from their families, Allah sets it all as an obligation from Him for the benefit of His servants.Allah is All-Knowing of the benefits of His creatures and All-Wise about what is prescribed.Zakat is a provision to collect wealth from the rich to be distributed to the poor.
The property which may be dispensed is indeed the privileges of the poor contained in the assets of the well-off.The collection and distribution of zakat are overseen by the government to ensure it reaches those who are eligible, primarily focusing on alleviating poverty.Zakat is intended for individuals in need and can also be used for social purposes, such as providing loans or paying off debts for those who cannot afford it.Historically, in early Islamic society, it was uncommon to see people hungry or begging because of the substantial amount of zakat collected.In fact, the amil zakat sometimes faced the challenge of finding recipients to distribute zakat to 22 .
It is narrated that an amil zakat in the African region complained to the Caliph 'Umar bin 'Abd al-'Aziz because he could not find poor people who were willing to give zakat.'Umar then said to him, "Pay the debts of those who owe." Amil zakat then carried out the order but then complained again.'Umar also said, "Buy and ransom slaves because this is one way to distribute zakat."Actually, if zakat is collected and then issued during its journey, it will be seen from its application that zakat is the noblest form of takâful ijtimâ'iy system 23 . 22 In its distribution, zakat must accept to eight asnāf (mustahiqîn), but the method of distribution is not stated in detail in the verse.The absence of special provisions regarding the procedure for distributing zakat means that it has opened up "ijtihad" opportunities for zakat managers to innovate the distribution of zakat effectively for the benefit of mustahiq.In general, the distribution of zakat is divided into two, namely first, the distribution of zakat to meet consumptive needs and second, the productive distribution of zakat to provide economic empowerment 24 .
The distribution of zakat is to meet the consumptive needs of mustahiq that must be prioritised because it involves basic needs.In fact, many mustahiq experience difficulties in meeting their basic needs properly, such as food, drink, clothing, shelter, health and education.Mustahiq, who is experiencing these difficulties, must assist immediately so that he is immediately free from the suffering that has plagued his life.Mustahiq's happiness is a prayer for muzakkī who have paid their zakat.To find out the existence of mustahiq, a survey is needed around certain communities or areas 25 .
In a complex society, there are inevitably mustahiq who do not receive adequate zakat funds.This issue can stem from two primary causes: first, limited zakat funds due to a lack of awareness among muzakki, and second, the negligence of zakat managers (Amil Zakat Agencies or https://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/mizani/article/view/5343. 24 Institutions), leading to the oversight of potential mustahiq.These challenges can be mitigated if zakat institutions adopt a more professional approach to managing the collection and distribution of zakat.

Regulations Related to the Distribution of Zakat in Indonesia
To evaluate the effectiveness of zakat distribution and utilisation in Indonesia in 2020, a national mustahiq database system was established.The creation of this data collection system, which is accurate, reliable, transparent, and compliant with both sharia and relevant legal regulations, represents a crucial step towards optimising zakat management in Indonesia.
Applicable appropriation of zakat is intended to enable the mustahiq monetary framework, all together that it is trusted that in the future, they will be equipped to be autonomous and even end up being new muzakki.It's far said to be successful because funds dissemination to mustahiq is utilized explicitly for significant business capital that grants for benefit.Powerful dispersion of zakat can best be executed after the straightforward wishes of mustahīk are met.
In distribution and allocation, several aspects must be considered based on sharia principles; poverty eradication is the primary purpose of giving zakat to the poor and those in need.Zakat distribution schemes can fulfil basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, medicine, educational assistance, small business capital, and other forms of application to realise an adequate standard of living.Therefore, Law Number 23 of 2011 concerning Zakat Management states in Article 27 that: 26 1) Zakat can be utilised for valuable organisations inside the setting of adapting to poor people and improving the welfare of individuals; (2) The use of zakat is intended for influential organisations, as verified in the paragraph (1), is completed while the essential cravings of mustahiq have been satisfied; 3) comparably arrangements concerning the utilisation of zakat for effective partnerships as indicated in section (1) are managed under a Ministerial Regulation.This pamphlet highlights that zakat can be effectively utilised once the basic needs of mustahiq have been met.To achieve this, distribution must follow a strategic approach.
Effective zakat distribution requires adherence to regulations and guidelines that ensure the primary needs of mustahiq are satisfied, sharia'a principles are upheld, and economic benefits are delivered to both donors and mustahiq within their local areas.Beyond meeting these criteria, zakat management institutions can also use zakat funds for business development, provided that the recipients are individuals or organisations that meet the mustahiq criteria and have the support of the local amil zakat27 .

Changes in the Pattern of Zakat Distribution during the Pandemic
The flare-up of the coronavirus pandemic in different countries, principally Indonesia, damagingly affects the country's shape.These impacts cover the monetary, instructive, wellness, social and otherworldly areas.Therefore, in handling the impact of COVID-19, a collaboration between the government and other institutions is needed, involving the National Zakat Amil Agency (BAZNAS) as the zakat management institution in Indonesia.One type of capability of BAZNAS through the Coronavirus pandemic can be seen from its zakat circulation sports.
The approach, this article concludes that BAZNAS's distribution pattern is divided into health emergency programs and socioeconomic emergency programs, alongside ongoing security distribution efforts.These initiatives aim to improve the welfare of individuals affected by the Covid-19 pandemic.When examining the practice of zakat management during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and his companions and comparing it to current conditions, it becomes clear that zakat distribution can be categorised into two forms: consumptive and productive.BAZNAS distributes assistance according to these patterns as follows: 1) Momentary assistance (Consumptive) Momentary assistance does not imply that zakat is given to mustahiq only once or briefly.Instead, it signifies that the distribution to mustahiq is not aimed at achieving long-term economic independence or empowerment for the recipients.This type of assistance is final because the mustahiq in question are not expected to become self-sufficient due to their circumstances, such as being elderly, disabled, displaced refugees, or victims of natural disasters.

2) Empowerment (productive)
Empowerment is the productive distribution of zakat, which focuses on efforts to achieve economic independence for mustahiq.This empowerment is accompanied by coaching or mentoring and monitoring of the efforts made by mustahiq.Initially, the distribution of zakat was more prevalent in a consumptive manner, but in modern and recent implementation, zakat has begun to develop through distribution in the form of modern innovations.The above description indicates that the utilisation of the allocation of zakat funds so far can be classified into the following four categories;28 1. Ordinary destructive nature, particularly zakat fitrah, is used by individuals to meet their daily needs.2. Creative consumptive zakat takes forms different from the original item, such as scholarships.3. Conventional effective zakat is provided as useful goods like goats, cows, and sewing machines.4. Creative productive zakat involves the utilisation of zakat in the form of usable capital, both for building social projects and for increasing capital.
The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia has severely affected various aspects of life.Economically, it has led to significant downturns and crises in both natural and financial sectors.Health-wise, the pandemic has created a health emergency, resulting in the loss of healthcare workers and many lives.In education, the shift to online learning has hindered the effectiveness of teaching and learning activities.Religiously, places of worship have closed, compelling individuals to practice their faith at home.Socially, the need for social distancing has fostered mutual suspicion among people as a measure to prevent the virus's transmission.The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted both the community and mustahiq necessitating effective solutions to mitigate these effects.In response, BAZNAS has played a crucial role by distributing zakat with the following characteristics:

Practice of Zakat Payment and Distribution in the Digital Era
The dispersion of zakat is vital for financial wishes, given the essential objective of sharia financial matters to make multi-faceted social knowledge connections that can grasp the advantage for people.Zakat distribution programs improve the overall welfare of the community.The fundamental human nature to seek prosperity aligns with maintaining faith (addīn), preserving life (an-nāfs), using reason (al-'aql), ensuring posterity (an-nasl), safeguarding wealth (al-mal), and encouraging individuals to act rightly.These programs help reduce economic disparities, alleviate poverty, utilize resources for the public good, and develop human resources with a strong, compassionate, and unified spirit 29 .
Currently, digital technology continues to increase in various sectors, including economic, social, political, and cultural.Increasingly developing information technology is the driving force behind the start of the digital economy era.The digital economy in Indonesia is inseparable from the existence of Internet access, where in 2013, Internet access in Indonesia was only 13.8%, increasing in 2018 to 36.3% (INDEF,  2019).In addition, a report from the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers (APJII) (2020) estimated that in 2020, there would be around 25 million new Internet users in Indonesia, an increase of 8.9% from 2019.
With technological advancements, zakat payments can now be facilitated digitally.In digital zakat, collaboration with zakat distributors and crowd-funding platforms is essential.These platforms, operating based on sharia principles, help streamline donations to zakat institutions.This approach ensures more efficient and transparent information sharing and enhances the effectiveness of zakat institution programs.
The Zakat Management Organisation (OPZ) in Indonesia has implemented several website-based digital payment channels to facilitate zakat payments for muzakkī donors.Additionally, the OPZ has taken innovative steps in digital fundraising, utilising email marketing, websites, search engine marketing, and social media marketing to optimise the dissemination of information about zakat management programmes.These efforts aim to educate the public about zakat obligations and promote zakat collection activities to a broader audience.According to reports from BAZNAS, the amount of zakat collected has steadily increased each year, with a significant rise observed between 2019 and 2020.
BAZNAS has provided many online platforms accessible for the public.BAZNAS has provided five platforms to encourage digital zakat.First, the BAZNAS Platform, which includes.The BAZNAS website and an application program called muzakkī Corner; second, Commercial Platform, which involves partnerships with e-commerce giants such as Lazada, Shopee, Blibli, Elevenia, and JDID.Additionally, BAZNAS collaborates with Fintech services such as OVO, Gopay, Linkaja, and others to further streamline the process of digital zakat contributions BAZNAS utilises multiple platforms to promote digital zakat contributions.On social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp, BAZNAS runs advertisements and campaigns to encourage zakat giving.They have also introduced innovative services, such as QR code payments, for added convenience.Furthermore, BAZNAS employs a chatbot named Zavira (Zakat Virtual Assistant) on the LINE app under the account @baznasindonesia, incorporating Augmented Reality features.This allows users to scan any BAZNAS logo they encounter, which then displays various service menu options leading to zakat payment.
E-wallet platforms like OVO and DANA have implemented strategies to promote digital zakat during Ramadan.DANA, in particular, leverages the month's association with generosity by encouraging its users to pay zakat through its app.Additionally, users can make charitable contributions directly via the DANA digital wallet.DANA also facilitates zakat fitrāh payments through Dompet Dhuafa, making it easier for users to fulfil their obligations.
The challenging times have made it easier for the public to pay zakat, thereby expanding the reach and distribution of zakat, increasing public trust, and enhancing widespread understanding of zakat.However, it is important to remember that the digitalisation of zakat is a powerful tool that showcases the integrity of zakat contributions and the role of amil zakat institutions.Despite its benefits, there are challenges in accumulating zakat funds.The low collection rate of digital zakat is due to several factors, including a lack of awareness among muzakkī about digital zakat platforms and processes.People who currently understand this pessimistic situation use automated systems to pay zakat.
Advancements in technology have simplified zakat payments for muzakkī.However, there are challenges in collecting zakat funds digitally.One major issue is the lack of awareness among muzakkī about digital zakat distribution methods.Additionally, even those who are informed about digital zakat often do not fully utilize these platforms for their contributions.
Another problem that is a factor causing digital payments is the low quality of internet connection in rural areas, making it difficult to deliver the outreach programme of zakat.In addition, cyber crimes are still rampant, such as system tampering, hacking of electronic systems, data manipulation, data theft, illegal access, and, most recently, online fraud.Alternative strategies that are a priority in optimising digital zakat include the following: Digital zakat has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency and reach of zakat collection on an ongoing basis, positively impacting future outreach programmes.By expanding the adoption of zakat distribution program implemented by BAZNAS to address the COVID-19 pandemic consists of two major initiatives: the special distribution program and the existing security distribution program.Using a descriptive qualitative Development Of Zakat Distribution In the Disturbance Era P-ISSN: 2355-5173 E-ISSN: 2656-9477 Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi dan Keagamaan | 203 Figure 1.Strategies for Enhancing Digital Zakat Management

Table 1 .
Rules for zakat distribution based on contextual conditions.